Art history is at a critical juncture in the rapidly evolving digital age, as traditional methodologies and theoretical frameworks face increasing challenges from the advent of digital technologies and artificial intelligence (AI). This paper examines the significant epistemological and ontological transformations that these technologies bring to the field of art history. Integrating these tools and methodologies presents art historians with unprecedented opportunities and challenges that necessitate reevaluating the discipline's foundational principles.
This study employs qualitative research methods centered on an extensive literature review to analyze the impact of digital technologies and AI on art history. The literature review lays a foundation for understanding the current theoretical and methodological landscape and offers insights into how digitalization reshapes the discipline. It systematically examines academic databases, peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and pertinent online resources, focusing on key themes like "digital art," "artificial intelligence," "epistemology," "art history," "science and technology studies," and "interdisciplinary art." This comprehensive approach facilitates the identification of recurring themes, significant findings, and gaps in the current understanding of art history's digitalization.
This paper explores how digital technologies and AI fundamentally reshape how art historians approach, interpret, and analyze artworks. Traditionally, art history has been grounded in the meticulous study of physical objects, with a firm reliance on visual analysis, contextual research, and the historical significance of artworks. However, the integration of AI and digital tools introduces new dimensions to this analysis, enabling the processing of vast datasets, the creation of complex visualizations, and the application of algorithmic interpretations that were previously unimaginable. This shift necessitates rethinking the discipline's core methodologies, as art historians must now consider how digital tools influence the nature of their analyses and the conclusions they draw.
This paper also addresses the interdisciplinary nature of art history's digital transformation, emphasizing the necessity for collaboration between the humanities and sciences. As digital tools become more sophisticated, art analysis increasingly intersects with neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and data science. This interdisciplinary approach enriches the study of art by incorporating insights from these fields, leading to a more holistic understanding of the cognitive and perceptual processes involved in creating and appreciating art. By bridging the gap between the humanities and the sciences, art history can benefit from a broader range of methodologies and perspectives, ultimately enhancing the depth and rigor of its analyses.
Art history can be conceptualized as a liminal space, highlighting its role as a transitional area bridging various disciplines and perspectives. Liminal spaces are characterized by ambiguity and fluidity between defined states or categories. In art history, this concept represents the navigation between the humanities and the sciences, the past and the present, and the physical and the digital. This liminal nature allows art history to adapt and evolve, integrating new methodologies and technologies while maintaining its critical and interpretive depth. By embracing its liminal identity, art history can continue to explore and expand the boundaries of knowledge, offering new insights into how we understand and appreciate art.
However, integrating digital technologies into art history is challenging. This paper critically examines the potential pitfalls of technological determinism, where adopting digital tools may lead to an overemphasis on quantitative data, possibly undermining the nuanced qualitative insights traditionally central to the discipline. Additionally, the ethical implications of using AI in art history are explored, particularly concerning bias, transparency, and the potential for technology to shape or obscure historical narratives. These concerns underscore the importance of maintaining a critical perspective on the role of technology in the discipline, ensuring that digital tools complement, rather than replace, traditional art historical methods.
This study's findings indicate that art history's future lies in a balanced integration of digital tools and traditional methodologies. While digital technologies offer new ways of analyzing and interpreting art, they must be used thoughtfully and in conjunction with established practices to preserve the discipline's critical and interpretive depth. Art historians must adapt to the digital age by embracing new tools and methodologies while remaining vigilant to the potential limitations and biases these technologies may introduce.
In conclusion, this paper posits that the digital transformation of art history presents significant challenges and unique opportunities for the discipline. As digital tools and AI evolve, they are poised to play an increasingly central role in shaping art history's future. However, the successful integration of these technologies requires careful consideration of their epistemological and ontological implications and a commitment to maintaining the discipline's traditional strengths in critical analysis and interpretation. By thoughtfully navigating these challenges, art historians can harness the power of digital technologies to expand the boundaries of their field, uncovering new insights and perspectives that were previously beyond reach.
Bu makale, dijital teknolojiler ve yapay zekanın (YZ) sanat tarihi üzerindeki epistemolojik dönüşümlerini incelemektedir. Geleneksel metodolojiler ve teorik çerçeveler, dijital araçların sunduğu yeni olanaklar karşısında yeniden değerlendirilmek zorundadır. Çalışma, sanat tarihinin dijitalleşme sürecinde karşılaştığı zorlukları ve fırsatları analiz ederek, disiplinin geleceğine yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır. Dijital teknolojilerin sanat tarihi üzerindeki etkileri üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, genellikle teknolojinin sunduğu yeni olanaklar ve metodolojik yeniliklere odaklanmaktadır. Ancak, bu çalışmaların büyük bir kısmı, dijitalleşmenin sanat tarihinin epistemolojik temelleri üzerindeki etkilerini yeterince incelememektedir. Çalışmamız, dijital teknolojilerin sanat tarihi disiplinindeki epistemolojik dönüşümlerini ele alarak, literatürdeki bu boşluğu doldurmayı hedeflemektedir.
“Liminal bir mekân olarak sanat tarihi” kavramsal önermesi ise araştırmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Liminalite, geleneksel olarak antropoloji ve kültürel çalışmalar gibi alanlarda geçiş aşamalarını, belirsizlikleri ve sınır durumları imâ etmektedir. Liminal bir mekân olarak sanat tarihi kavramı disiplinin beşerî ve doğa bilimleri perspektifleri arasında bir geçiş alanı olarak işlev görmesini tanımlar. Böylece, sanat tarihi, dijital teknolojiler ve yapay zekanın sunduğu yeni epistemolojik durumlar sayesinde, yenilikçi analiz yöntemlerini teşvik eden dinamik bir alan haline gelir. Ayrıca, sanat tarihinin liminal karakteri, disiplinin dijital çağın getirdiği yeniliklere uyum sağlama sürecinde ortaya çıkan belirsizlik ve dönüşüm süreçlerine ilişkin sorunları aşma potansiyelini ifade etmektedir.
Araştırma, nitel yöntemlere dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Literatür taraması, vaka çalışmaları ve karşılaştırmalı analizler gibi veri toplama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, dijital araçların sanat tarihçilerine sunduğu yeni fırsatları ve karşılaştıkları zorlukları ortaya koymakta; ayrıca dijital çağda sanat tarihinin epistemolojik temellerinin yeniden tanımlanması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, disiplinin geleneksel metodolojilerinin dijital çağın gereksinimlerine ne ölçüde yanıt verebildiğini sorgularken, sanat tarihinin dijital paradigmaya adaptasyonu için gerekli olan dönüşümleri analiz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, araştırma, sanat tarihinin dijitalleşme sürecinde karşılaştığı zorlukları ve fırsatları kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alarak, disiplinin geleceği için yeni teorik çerçeveler ve yöntemler geliştirilmesine zemin hazırlamaktadır.
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